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<p>No generally accepted definition of conversation exists, beyond the fact that a conversation involves at least two people talking together.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarren20068_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarren20068-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consequently, the term is often defined by what it is not. A ritualized exchange such as a mutual <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greeting" title="Greeting">greeting</a> is not a conversation, and an interaction that includes a marked status differential (such as a boss giving orders) is also not a conversation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarren20068–9_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarren20068–9-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An interaction with a tightly focused topic or purpose is also generally not considered a conversation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarren20069_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarren20069-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Summarizing these properties, one authority writes that "Conversation is the kind of speech that happens informally, symmetrically, and for the purposes of establishing and maintaining social ties."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThornburySlade200625_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThornburySlade200625-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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</p><p>Conversation is generally face-to-face person-to-person at the same time (synchronous) – possibly online with video applications such as Skype, but might also include audio-only phone calls. It would not generally include internet written communication which tends to be asynchronous (not same time – can read and respond later if at all) and does not fit the 'con'='with' in 'conversation'. In face to face conversation it has been suggested that 85% of the communication is non-verbal/body language – a smile, a frown, a shrug, tone of voice conveying much added meaning to the mere words. Short forms of written communication such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS" title="SMS">sms</a> are thus frequently misunderstood.
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<li>Paul Drew & <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Heritage" title="John Heritage">John Heritage</a> – <i>Talk at Work</i>, a study of how conversation changes in social and workplace situations.</li>
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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Postman" title="Neil Postman">Neil Postman</a> – <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amusing_Ourselves_to_Death" title="Amusing Ourselves to Death">Amusing Ourselves to Death</a></i> (Conversation is not the book's specific focus, but discourse in general gets good treatment here)</li>
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<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Menaker" title="Daniel Menaker">Daniel Menaker</a> – <i>A Good Talk: The Story and Skill of Conversation</i> (published 2010)</li></ul>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarren20068–9-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarren20068–9_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWarren2006">Warren 2006</a>, pp. 8–9.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFConklin2011" class="citation book cs1">Conklin, Mary Greer (2011). <i>Conversation: What to Say and How to Say It</i>. New York City: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funk_%26_Wagnalls_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Funk & Wagnalls Company">Funk & Wagnalls Company</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">21–</span>32. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1172838936" title="Special:BookSources/978-1172838936"><bdi>978-1172838936</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conversation%3A+What+to+Say+and+How+to+Say+It&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pages=21-32&rft.pub=Funk+%26+Wagnalls+Company&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1172838936&rft.aulast=Conklin&rft.aufirst=Mary+Greer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConversation" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWinograd1972" class="citation journal cs1">Winograd, Terry (1972). "Understanding natural language". <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_Psychology" class="mw-redirect" title="Cognitive Psychology">Cognitive Psychology</a></i>. <b>3</b> (1). Amsterdam, Netherlands: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elsevier" title="Elsevier">Elsevier</a>: <span class="nowrap">1–</span>191. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0010-0285%2872%2990002-3">10.1016/0010-0285(72)90002-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cognitive+Psychology&rft.atitle=Understanding+natural+language&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-191&rft.date=1972&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0010-0285%2872%2990002-3&rft.aulast=Winograd&rft.aufirst=Terry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConversation" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Conklin, pp. 35–60</span>
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<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoxanne_Khamsi2007" class="citation magazine cs1">Roxanne Khamsi (6 July 2007). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn12203-men--the-other-talkative-sex.html">"Men – the other talkative sex"</a></span>. <i>New Scientist</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&rft.atitle=Men+%E2%80%93+the+other+talkative+sex&rft.date=2007-07-06&rft.au=Roxanne+Khamsi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Farticle%2Fdn12203-men--the-other-talkative-sex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConversation" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
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